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Médecins du Monde
Médecins du Monde (MdM; (:medsɛ̃ dy mɔ̃d)) or Doctors of the World, is an international humanitarian non-profit organization that provides emergency and long-term medical care to vulnerable populations while advocating for equal access to healthcare worldwide. Founded in 1980 by a group of 15 French physicians, including Bernard Kouchner after he had left Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, Doctors Without Borders), the aid society which he had co-founded earlier in 1971. MdM was formed with a mission to provide timely emergency medical care free of legal and administrative restrictions, to work with local populations to ensure long-term sustainability of healthcare systems, and to advocate on behalf of client populations.The impetus for the foundation of MDM was Kouchner's split with MSF over certain aspects of MSF's policies. Kouchner felt that MSF was giving up its founding principle of ''témoignage'' ("witnessing"), which refers to aid workers making the atrocities they observe known to the public. While MSF still practices this principle under certain conditions, the organization has moved closer to a more neutral approach as a consequence of experiences from the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. In contrast to that shift in MSF's policy, MdM (Doctors of the World) maintains that humanitarian aid cannot be separated from politics, lest the aid become misused by politicians (e.g. by sending bombs, and then doctors).
==History==
Approximately 50 years ago, a group of French physicians were employed by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to provide emergency medical services to affected populations in war-torn Nigeria. At the time, the International Red Cross (IRC) movement was the primary entity responsible for providing humanitarian emergency aid. While working in Nigeria, the French doctors found their work severely limited by certain characteristics and mandates of the ICRC: its bureaucratic nature made it difficult to respond quickly to disasters and crises; its humanitarian aid missions were contingent upon permission from state authorities; its aid workers were restricted from making public statements as testimony to human rights violations and genocide. This group of French doctors objected to the restrictions imposed upon their work by the ICRC and created the French Doctors Movement. An independent movement, its mission was to provide timely emergency medical relief free of the administrative and legal restrictions imposed upon the ICRC. In 1971, the movement was formalized and Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) was born.
In 1980, a group of 15 doctors who helped co-found MSF branched off to establish Doctors of the World (MdM). The mission of the new organization expanded the scope of its work beyond providing timely emergency medical aid. Doctors of the World provides healthcare in both developing and developed countries long after emergencies disappear from the spotlight. MdM offers long-term healthcare solutions, with a focus on sustainability and bearing witness to suffering. MSF and MdM have no formal affiliation.
Kouchner was president of MdM from 1980 to 1982. In 1989, the foundation of a second national MdM association in Spain paved the way for the creation of the international network of MdM. The MdM association in the United States founded in 1990 was the first non-European association. Currently, the international network of MDM consists of fifteen associations; they are in France (founded 1980), Spain (founded 1989), Greece (founded 1990), Italy and Switzerland (both founded 1993), Sweden (founded 1994), Cyprus (founded 1995 by Elena Theoharous), Argentina (founded 1998), Belgium, Canada and Portugal (all founded in 1999), as well as in Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, the Netherlands, and the US. The international network head office coordinates the network members from its office in Paris, France.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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